永谷幸則, 自然科学研究機構生理研
[第一回KEK連携コロキウム] 加速器で顕微イメージング：電子顕微鏡からミュオン顕微鏡へ
4号館1階セミナーホール 生理学研究所ではマイクロ波で電子を加速する線形加速器を電子顕微鏡に導入した透過型電子顕微鏡(500kV Linac-TEM)を開発しました。本講演では、電子顕微鏡のイメージングの基礎から始めて、線形加速器を電子顕微鏡に導入するのに必要であったビームの安定化に関する各種の技術やその成果を解説します。
生理学研究所ではマイクロ波で電子を加速する線形加速器を電子顕微鏡に導入した透過型電子顕微鏡(500kV Linac-TEM)を開発しました。本講演では、電子顕微鏡のイメージングの基礎から始めて、線形加速器を電子顕微鏡に導入するのに必要であったビームの安定化に関する各種の技術やその成果を解説します。
さらに、加速器の顕微イメージングへの応用として、電子の透過能をはるかに凌ぐミュオンを用いた「透過ミュオン顕微鏡」や、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)よりも極めて検出感度の高い「走査ミュオン顕微鏡」の開発についても解説します。近年のJ-PARC/MLFにおける正ミュオン冷却の技術の進展と、生理研での加速器電子顕微鏡の成果の融合として、これまで粒子としてしか利用されてこなかったミュオンを「コヒーレントな波動」として用い、電子顕微鏡に匹敵する分解能で、これまでにない機能イメージングを実現します。
Tadashi Takayanagi, YITP/Kavli IPMU
AdS Space from Optimization of Euclidean Path-Integral in CFT
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F
We introduce a new optimization procedure for Euclidean path integrals which compute wave functionals in CFTs. We optimize the background metric in the space on which the path integration is performed. Equivalently this is interpreted as a position dependent UV cut-off. For two dimensional CFT vacua, we find the optimized metric is given by that of a hyperbolic space and we interpret this as a continuous limit of the conjectured relation between tensor networks and AdS/CFT. We confirm our procedure for excited states, the thermofield double state, the SYK model and discuss its extension to higher dimensional CFTs. We also show that when applied to reduced density matrices, it reproduces entanglement wedges and holographic entanglement entropy. We suggest that our optimization prescription is analogous to the estimation of computational complexity. This talk is mainly based on arXiv:1703.00456.
Yuji Sugimoto, Osaka University
Calabi-Yau geometry and electrons on 2d lattice
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F, slides (kek.jp only)
I will talk about the mysterious correspondence between the topological string and condensed matter physics. Recently, it was pointed out that the quantum eigenvalue problem for a particular Calabi–Yau manifold, known as local $\mathbb{F}_0$, is closely related to the Hofstadter problem for electrons on a two-dimensional square lattice. Then we generalize this result, and find that the local $\cB_3$ geometry, which is a three-point blow-up of local $\mathbb{P}^2$, is associated with electrons on a triangular lattice. This correspondence allows us to use known results in condensed matter physics to investigate the quantum geometry of the toric Calabi–Yau manifold.
Naoki Watamura, Nagoya University
The entanglement of locally excited states in Maxwell theory
Seminar room, Kenkyu honkan 3F We have studied the time evolution of Entanglement Entropy (EE) in 4 dimensional (space time) Maxwell theory. We perform a local excitation by acting with a local operator on the vacuum state. An inserted local gauge invariant operator changes the structure of entanglement, and so the EE. We take the half of the total space as the subspace, and evaluate the increase of (Renyi) EE from the one of the vacuum state by using the replica method. The increase of the (Renyi) EE converges to a value as t goes to infinity (late time limit). We showed that in this limit, the increase of Renyi EE can be interpreted in terms of quasi-particles, but descrived with a non-trivial algebra reflecting the specialty of gauge theory. We found a way of determining this algebra from the propagator, and confirmed that this works also in the case for free scalar field theory and 6d Maxwell Theory.
We have studied the time evolution of Entanglement Entropy (EE) in 4 dimensional (space time) Maxwell theory. We perform a local excitation by acting with a local operator on the vacuum state. An inserted local gauge invariant operator changes the structure of entanglement, and so the EE. We take the half of the total space as the subspace, and evaluate the increase of (Renyi) EE from the one of the vacuum state by using the replica method. The increase of the (Renyi) EE converges to a value as t goes to infinity (late time limit). We showed that in this limit, the increase of Renyi EE can be interpreted in terms of quasi-particles, but descrived with a non-trivial algebra reflecting the specialty of gauge theory. We found a way of determining this algebra from the propagator, and confirmed that this works also in the case for free scalar field theory and 6d Maxwell Theory.
References)
Masahiro Nozaki, Naoki Watamura “Quantum Entanglement of Locally Excited States in Maxwell Theory” arXiv:1606.07076 [hep-th].
Bryan Webber, University of Cambridge
Standard Model Parton Distributions at Very High Energies
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F
We compute the leading-order evolution of parton distribution functions for all the Standard Model fermions and bosons up to energy scales far above the electroweak scale, where electroweak symmetry is restored. Our results include the 52 PDFs of the unpolarized proton, evolving according to the SU(3), SU(2), U(1), mixed SU(2)xU(1) and Yukawa interactions. We illustrate the numerical effects on parton distributions at high energies, and show that they can lead to important corrections to parton luminosities at a future 100 TeV hadron collider.
Daiki Nishiguchi, The University of Tokyo
Experimental evidence of universality in active matter: Long-range order & anomalous fluctuations in collective motion of filamentous bacteria
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F Collective motion of self-propelled elements, as seen in bird flocks, fish schools, bacterial swarms, etc., is so ubiquitous. Physicists’ efforts to find their universal properties now constitute a new field in nonequilibrium statistical physics: “active matter physics”. Evidence for such universality has been provided by many theoretical and numerical studies using simple models. However, no experiments so far have been fully convincing in demonstrating this universality. In this seminar, after introducing standard models of collective motion and giving state-of-the-art interpretations on previous experimental studies, I show our experiments on collective dynamics of elongated bacteria swimming in a quasi-two-dimensional fluid layer [1]. Strong confinement and the high aspect ratio of bacteria induce weak nematic alignment upon collision, which gives rise to spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry and global nematic order at sufficiently high density of bacteria. This homogeneous but fluctuating ordered phase has turned out to have true long-range orientational order and non-trivial giant number fluctuations associated with Nambu-Goldstone modes, which verifies the existence of an active nematic phase predicted to universally emerge in simple standard models. Through our experiments, I will also discuss what makes our system different from previous experiments and what might be crucial for the emergence of such universality in reality.
Collective motion of self-propelled elements, as seen in bird flocks, fish schools, bacterial swarms, etc., is so ubiquitous. Physicists’ efforts to find their universal properties now constitute a new field in nonequilibrium statistical physics: “active matter physics”. Evidence for such universality has been provided by many theoretical and numerical studies using simple models. However, no experiments so far have been fully convincing in demonstrating this universality. In this seminar, after introducing standard models of collective motion and giving state-of-the-art interpretations on previous experimental studies, I show our experiments on collective dynamics of elongated bacteria swimming in a quasi-two-dimensional fluid layer [1]. Strong confinement and the high aspect ratio of bacteria induce weak nematic alignment upon collision, which gives rise to spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry and global nematic order at sufficiently high density of bacteria. This homogeneous but fluctuating ordered phase has turned out to have true long-range orientational order and non-trivial giant number fluctuations associated with Nambu-Goldstone modes, which verifies the existence of an active nematic phase predicted to universally emerge in simple standard models. Through our experiments, I will also discuss what makes our system different from previous experiments and what might be crucial for the emergence of such universality in reality.
[1] D. Nishiguchi, K. H. Nagai, H. Chate, and M. Sano, “Long-range nematic order and anomalous fluctuations in suspensions of swimming filamentous bacteria”, Physical Review E, 95, 020601(R) (2017).
Masato Taki, RIKEN
深層学習の理論的な仕組みと様々な応用
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F, slides (kek.jp only) この数年、人工知能におけるニューラルネットワーク（コネクショニズム）アプローチが驚異的なリバイバルを遂げています。深層学習（ディープラーニング）と呼ばれる今日のニューラルネットは、計算機の性能向上や利用可能な高品質のデータが増えたことに後押しされて発展してきましたが、その本質は必ずしもそこにはありません。実際には理論的考察に基づいた、アルゴリズム上の数多くの新しいアイデアが、深層学習の成功を可能にしています。
この数年、人工知能におけるニューラルネットワーク（コネクショニズム）アプローチが驚異的なリバイバルを遂げています。深層学習（ディープラーニング）と呼ばれる今日のニューラルネットは、計算機の性能向上や利用可能な高品質のデータが増えたことに後押しされて発展してきましたが、その本質は必ずしもそこにはありません。実際には理論的考察に基づいた、アルゴリズム上の数多くの新しいアイデアが、深層学習の成功を可能にしています。
このセミナーの前半では深層学習の現状をざっと紹介した後、ニューラルネットの基礎と機械学習のコンセプト、そして深層学習固有の理論的アイデアを解説します（大学1年程度の線形代数と微分法のさわりの部分と、確率の簡単な知識以外は仮定しません。）。後半では、幾つかの簡単な実験結果をお見せしながら、深層学習のさまざまな拡張や応用を紹介します。また、深層学習の理論的理解を得ようとこの数年様々に試みられている研究も紹介します。時間が許せば、基礎科学に適用できるセットアップも紹介できればと思います。
Yuichi Takamizu, University of Tsukuba
Bubble Universe
Meeting room 1, Kenkyu honkan 1F, slides (kek.jp only)
We argue a scenario motivated by the context of string landscape, where our universe is produced by a new vacuum bubble embedded in an old bubble and these bubble universes have not only different cosmological constants, but also their own different gravitational constants. We study these effects on the primordial curvature perturbations. In order to construct a model of varying gravitational constants, we use the Jordan-Brans-Dicke (JBD) theory where different expectation values of scalar fields produce difference of constants. In this system, we investigate the nucleation of bubble universe and dynamics of the wall separating two spacetimes. In particular, the primordial curvature perturbation on superhorizon scales can be affected by the wall trajectory as the boundary effect. We show the effect of gravitational constant in the exterior bubble universe can provide a peak like a bump feature at a large scale in a modulation of power spectrum.
Deog Ki Hong, Pusan Natl. U.
A very light dilaton and naturally light Higgs
Meeting Room 1 , Kenkyu Honkan 1F
We study a very light dilaton, arising from a hidden sector, that couples to the standard model of particle physics. Imposing a scale symmetry below the ultraviolet scale of the standard model, we alleviate the fine-tuning problem associated with Higgs mass. When the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken radiatively a la Coleman-Weinberg, the dilaton develops a vacuum expectation value away from the origin to give an extra contribution to the Higgs mass, as a manifestation of the a-theorem in the conformal field theory. The ultraviolet scale of the Higgs field can be naturally much higher than the electroweak scale, as the dilaton drives Higgs mass to the electroweak scale. We also show that the light dilaton in this scenario can be a good candidate of dark matter of mass mD∼1 eV−10 keV, if the ultraviolet scale is about 10−100 TeV.
Naoto Yokoi, Tohoku Univ.
Stimulated Emission of Dark Matter Axion in Condensed Matter (in Japanese)
Meeting room 3, Kenkyu honkan 1F
